How To Write A Term Paper In Apa Style

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Porters five forces model - Free Essay Example

QUESTIONS: Porters five forces model is a valuable tool for analysing the forces of change in the hospitality and tourism business environments. Explain the model and show how it can be applied to a company known to you. 1. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Porters five Forces is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development formed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979.† (Wikipedia, 2010) â€Å"Porters Five Forces tool is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. This is useful, because it helps you understand both the strength of your current competitive position, and the strength of a position you are considering moving into.†(Mind Tools Ltd. (1996-2010) Michael porter is the most expensive management consultant in the world. He produced many business tools and ideas to improve the level of the business and helps to create a business successful by applying the tools. One of the most famous tools of Michael porter is the 5 forces model. This model is a simple but very powerful tool for the business. It is a valuable tool for analysing the forces of change in the hospitality and tourism business environments. Is plays a vital role in the hospitality and tourism industry. It helps to determine the position of the business in the market. This is very useful to the hospitality business because it helps you understand the current strength and weakness of the business. By this you can take a best decision towards the business and can avoid the wrong step which can affect the business. In the hospitality and tourism industry the most important part is to provide the good service to the customer. So, if they find out the weakness of their industry and understand of where the power lies, they can easily solve the problem. The porters 5 forces out the weakness and strength of the business. It can help to make a decision how to find out the successful way to enter in the market and help to find out the best partner with in any enterprise. Because if the company can join one of the best and popular enterprise as a partner it is very helpful and positive for the particular business. Nowadays, there are many hospitality industries in the world. Out of this most of the hospitality industry gets the success by applying the porters 5 forces. It shows the right and effective way to run the hospitality business successfully in the market. In the hospitality business, the tools are used to identify whether the new products, services have the potential to be profitable or not. To run the business there should be profit otherwise the business will collapse. So, the Porters 5 forces is very useful to the hospitality and tourism industry. It helps to change the position of the business in the market. 2. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF THE PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL Porters analyse the immediate competitive environment into five competitive forces; Threats of new entrants Threats of substitutes Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of buyers or customers The rivalry among current competitors 3. BRIEFING OF PORTERS FIVE FORCES: Force 1: The threats of new entrants Each and every business there is a competition between the companies. To expand the business and want to stay in the higher position (among the rival company) nature of the business man creates a competition between the companies. The new entrants bring extra capacity into an industry. It is a threat as the existing business may lose the market share. The new entrants may cause major change into the market environment. Every business person should attract for the profitable business in the market. If there is a high profits in the one industry, all the people wants to spend some money to joining the business or make a place in the business. It creates many new entrants, which directly affect the other firms in the industry. There are always the threats of the new entrants because when one company is running smoothly and gaining the profit in that time if another company will establish infront of the old one and similarly providing the same product or services in lower price towards the customer. Customer will definitely change their mind and choose the new products. So, in the market there are the threats of new entrants. (E.g. in the UK British airways came under increased pressure from low-cost carriers) (Recklies Management Project GmbH, 2001) The threats of new entries will depend on the extant to which there are barriers to enty.These are typically Economies of scale (minimum size requirements for profitable operations) High initial investments and fixed costs Cost advantages of existing players due to experience curve affects of operation with fully depreciated assets Brand loyalty of customers Protected intellectual property like patents. licences etc Scarcity of important resources,e.g.qualified Access to raw materials is controlled by existing players, Distribution channels are controlled by existing players, Existing players have close customer relations, e.g. from long-term service contracts, High switching costs for customers Legislation and government action Force2: Threats of Substitutes The product or services that are produced in one industry are likely to have substitutes produced in aother.They pose a threat as they limit the ability to charge of a firm to charge high price. If there are alternative products with lower prices of better performance then the high prices products for the same purpose, people prefer for the low price products. By this the high price product possibility of exists from the market.So, there are the threats of substitutes in the market for the compamy.Threats of substitutes are depend on differences of the price. Because if the people are getting the product which is for same purpose and there is price differences between the products. Then the customers prefer for the low price product rather than the high price products. (E.g. Eurostar rail passenger service from London to Paris compete with airlines) (Recklies Management Project GmbH, 2001) Similarly to the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes is determined by factors like Brand loyalty of customers, Close customer relationships, Switching costs for customers, The relative price for performance of substitutes, Current trends. Force 3: Bargaining power of Supplier Bargaining power is the ability to influence the setting of prices. It assesses how easy it is for the suppliers to drive up prices. Supplier can influence the profitability of a firm by exerting pressure for higher prices or by reducing the quality. If there are lots of supplier in the market, the business man prefer for the best quality material for same purpose which cost the low. They can choose the supplier who provides the more profit margins for the business. Because every business became success when they raise their profit. (Recklies Management Project GmbH, 2001) Supplier bargaining power is likely to be high when: The market is dominated by a few large suppliers rather than a fragmented source of supply, There are no substitutes for the particular input, The suppliers customers are fragmented, so their bargaining power is    low, The switching costs from one supplier to another are high, There is the possibility of the supplier integrating forwards in order to obtain higher prices and margins. This threat is especially high when, The buying industry has a higher profitability than the supplying industry, Forward integration provides economies of scale for the supplier, The buying industry hinders the supplying industry in their development (e.g. reluctance to accept new releases of products), The buying industry has low barriers to entry. In such situations, the buying industry often faces a high pressure on margins from their suppliers. The relationship to powerful suppliers can potentially reduce strategic options for the organization. Force 4: Bargaining power of buyer or customer Bargaining power depends on the level of differentiation amongst the products of industry. It depends on the cost of the customer switching from one supplier to another. If the customer get the more profits margin from one supplier it create another exists. Whether a customers purchases from industry represent a large or small proportion of customers total purchases. (Recklies Management Project GmbH, 2001). Customers bargaining power is likely to be high when, They buy large volumes, there is a concentration of buyers, The supplying industry comprises a large number of small operators The supplying industry operates with high fixed costs, The product is undifferentiated and can be replaces by substitutes, Switching to an alternative product is relatively simple and is not related to high costs, Customers have low margins and are price-sensitive, Customers could produce the product themselves, The product is not of strategically importance for the customer, The customer knows about the production costs of the product There is the possibility for the customer integrating backwards. Force 5:The rivalry among current competitors The intensity of competitive rivalry within tan industry will affect the profitability of the industry as a whole. In the business there is the competition between the companies. A growing there sales, another company will try to down there sales. For this they invest more cost on sales promotion campaigns. Advertising and new product development. They want to make their product better then their competitors. (Recklies Management Project GmbH, 2001) Competition between existing players is likely to be high when There are many players of about the same size, Players have similar strategies, There is not much differentiation between players and their products, hence, there is much price competition, Low market growth rates (growth of a particular company is possible only at the expense of a competitor), Barriers for exit are high (e.g. expensive and highly specialized equipment) 4. PORTERSFIVE FORCES AT ORIENATLA BUFFET Oriental Buffet is known as variety of food in one place. With more than 50 dishes available, there should be something to suit every taste. There are Indian and Thai curries alongside traditional Chinese food, as well as range of Singaporean and Malaysian food, including crispy duck, prawns and mussels which are available in the evenings.Amar gurung is the owner of the oriental buffet and there is no share holder of the restaurant. It is located at 18-20 Rendezvous street, folkestone, kent, CT20 1RW which is in the central of town. It is a very successful buffet restaurant and more then five years, it has built an enviable reputation among its loyal customers. [Oriental Buffet, 2010] Porters five forces is a framework for finding out the industry structure, it is built around five competitive forces. It can tell you about the current situation of the Oriental Buffet. Porters five forces are useful for Oriental Buffet, because it helps to understand the strength and weakness of the current position in the market which help it for improving the service of the restaurant and controlling the defect part of it. There is some similar restaurant, thats why the Buffet should be very careful about its service, it should be better then other buffet restaurants. For this Buffet is applying the Porters five forces like as follow, 1. The threats of new entrants New entrants to an industry can raise the level of competition, there by reducing its attractiveness. It is depend on the barrier to entry. High entry barriers exist in some industries.So, there is a threats of new restaurant in Buffet restaurant.Kalala is the another buffet restaurant, there is a threats to the oriental Buffet.Becuase. if the kalala serve the customer better than the Oriental in the cheap price. The customer will prefer the kalala instead of Orienatal.For this oriental will face the loss in their business. 2. Threats of Substitutes There are threats of substitutes in every business which drive profits to Zero for the company. If one company providing the stuff in a low price in the competition to rivalry Company, the profit margin to the company should drive to zero. Because the particular company wants to keep the customer in their side so they are providing the stuff in the low price. By this they cant make the profits by selling the stuff which creates the loose to the particular company. Like as, Oriental and Kalala are the Buffet restaurants and there service style and the variety of the food are same.So, if the kalala sells the food to the customer cheaper and provide the service better than the Oriental the customer prefer for the better service in the cheap price, they choose kalala.So, to maintain the threats and control the price, there is the price limit in both buffet restaurants. 3. Bargaining power of suppliers The term‘supplierscomprises all sources for inputs that are needed in order to provide goods and services. Bargaining power is the ability to influence the setting of prices. This is an important part of the Porters five forces model. If there is lots of supplier in the market, the company can choose the better quality and low price supplier. If the retailers dont pay the price the suppliers dont get the goods to sell. The cost of items brought from suppliers can have a significant impact on a companys profitability. Like as, if the buffet has the many supplier of their restaurant goods or the variety of supplier. They choose the better quality goods which fewer prices then another supplier.Beacause if they brought their goods in a low price and sell it in high price. Then after they can improve their profit margin which helps to run their business successfully. 4. Bargaining power of customers Bargaining power of customers determines how much customer can impose pressure on margins and volumes. Its depends on the cost of the customer switching from one supplier to another. Buyers power acts to force prices down. The bargaining power is high when there are few dominant buyers and many sellers in the industry. If the buffet dinner is expensive then the other restaurant .The customer move to the cheap restaurant rather than the oriental buffet. Because customer only purchase the service which is cheaper.So, they move from one restaurant to another. 5. The rivalry among to competitors. The rivalry among to competitors is emboldened because it is the central force, which involves all the other forces. Some of the factors may help to create a competition towards the companies, such as, many players of about the same size, having the same strategies, low market growth rates, barriers for exist are high and not more differentiation between players and their products. Oriental buffet is one of successful buffet restaurant. Nowadays there are many buffet restaurants such as kalala,chinese cuisines are open to compete the Oriental buffet. Besides other restaurant oriental is the best and the most profitable buffet restaurant. In the conclusion, Porters five forces is a simple model which helps to understand the strengths and weakness of the oriental buffet. By applying the porters five forces model Oriental can run the business by improving their service towards the customer which creates more success in restaurant business. 5. CONCLUSION On the basis of above mentioned studied, Porters five forces is very helpful for the every business. It is a simple model but very powerful tool for the business. It plays vital role in hospitality and tourism industry. By applying this tool, it helps to determine the position of business in the market. It helps to declare the strengths and weakness of the business which is very important for the business. In the hospitality and the tourism business if they known their weakness towards the servicing which they are providing to the customer. They can find out their weakness and try to implement by taking the best decision. And the most important part in the hospitality industry is providing the good services to the customers. Many hospitality industries are applying the porters five forces. In the result they are getting the successful in their business. It is very effective and useful to the hospitality industries. Oriental buffet is one of the successful buffet restaurants. Providing the good service environment and variety of different countries food in one place to the customer in affordable price scheme. Buffet is also applying the Porters five forces tools to improve their services. It can examine their position in the market with the help of the Porters five forces model.So, it is very effective and useful to Oriental buffet. It provides the best and quality food to the customers. Day by day the buffet business is growing high and making the more profit in the business.

The Issue That I Am Most Passionate About Is Child Welfare...

The issue that I am most passionate about is child welfare. Included in this topic are many, very troubling issues. Given the enormity of the problem, it is difficult to pick just two or three issues, but I chose two that I found especially disturbing, child fatalities and child sexual abuse. I will also briefly discuss some statistics regarding child abuse as a whole, and measures that could be taken to help address the issues. Nationally in 2012, there were an estimated 686,000 unique child victims of maltreatment in the United States (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). That is approximately 9 children out of every 1,000, who are being subjected to maltreatment. In Kansas, child maltreatment is on the rise, with statistics showing 1,868 child victims in 2012, compared to 1,329, in 2009 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). That being said, Kansas is still below the national average, with 2.6 out of every 1,000 children experiencing maltreatme nt (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). I feel that perhaps the most troubling issue in child welfare is child death due to maltreatment. In 2012, 1,640 children in the United States died due to maltreatment (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). This represents an average of 2.20 children per 100,000 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). This issue is compounded when faced with the facts that; of those children that have died due toShow MoreRelatedTeaching And The Field Of Education1185 Words   |  5 Pagesbegins with a passion. After which, one should be able to see the commitment to education through the demonstration of achievement in their students. Growing up, I remember hearing stories from my parents on how the beginning of their careers in the field of education was a struggle. This was during a time of segregation and it wasn’t about the money, however, making sure they invested success in each student. Being paid $250.00 a month in the late 1960’s made them question if that was something theyRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Work On Children And Family s Needs Assistance Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesChildren and Family Family services and Child Welfare are a government or/and a non-profit organization designed to better the well-being of an unfortunate/troubled community. The utmost children come from abused, neglected, poor homes. Most families go into these services in the search for a better life. The job as a social worker working in this department is to advocate and educate your clients in every situation possible. 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Social work varies in several fields, social workers work as part of multi-disciplinary teams with child welfare organizations, adoption and foster care agencies, hospitals, schools, prisons, mental health institutions, and more. Social work may leave the impression that it’s an easy field because it is assumed that all social workers d o is serveRead MorePersonal Statement On Child And Family Studies1244 Words   |  5 Pagespieces of advice that I have received is that if you do something that you love, you will never work a day in your life. It took me changing my major three times to find what I am truly passionate about. After I changed my major to child and family studies I enjoyed learning everyday and applying what I learned from class into the real world. The knowledge that I obtained through my classes assisted me through my experiences as a nanny, a student worker for the department of child and family studiesRead More An Ethical Responsibility Essays1130 Words   |  5 Pagesmorals, two of the most important traits in an educated human being, are interestingly not taught by schools. Ethics is defined, in Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, as the discipline dealing with what is good and what is bad. Morals are defined in the same dicitonary as those principles of right and wrong in behavior. For Jonathan Kozol, in The Night Is Dark And I Am Far From Home, ethics and morals have similar meanings but extend to include a sense of compassion for others. I agree with hisRead MoreHuman Services And The Legal Justice System Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesknowing the meaning of human services, I believed it was about helping people and that’s something I have always been very passionate about. I am always the friend who is giving advice and hearing out my friends’ dilemmas and situations. The definition of Human services in our book is: a phrase that is often used to group activities that focus on helping people live better lives. In a vague way, the human services include formal systems such as government welfare programs, education, mental retardationRead MoreWhat Is The Attention Getter For The Congo Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pages. Attention Getter: How many of you feel fortunate to receive a college education in here? I am sure most of you are. Unfortunatel y, however, there are countries in todays world where schools are absent and not even healthcare systems are provided for their civilians. B. Audience Relevance: The Democratic Republic of Congo, also known as the DRC, is an example of such country. According to the website The World Factbook, updated on July 17, 2017, written by the CIA, a civilian foreign intelligenceRead MoreSocial Work : Child Welfare Services Essay1967 Words   |  8 Pages Who would like to believe that â€Å"... no child will face horrors of poverty, homelessness, abuse and neglect, and inadequate health care or live in an environment where crime, alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse are the norm† (Colby and Dziegielewski 216). Social work in general is such a broad field, one must be well informed about the varying areas encompassed within it. With each area there are certain aspects that makes each unique in its own way. Each works toward the same end goal which is betteringRead MoreAs I Have Aged, I Have Realized Who I Am Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesworld. As I have gotten older I have begun to figure out who I am. I have been creating my identity and it certainly needs more uncovering but I have come very far. 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The Keynesian School Of Economic Thought - 1948 Words

Our economy has evolved from centuries ago to what it is today from the start of supply and demand and learning how to make trades. The foundations of this learning process has also came from theories on how to manage and control the economy. This has been built from several thinkers and theorist implanting their ideas into action and having results in the prosperity or failure of an economy. As these theories have evolved as well and some with great prosperity they have been recognized and titled as the Keynesian School of Economic Thought as this is a theory believing aggregate demand is influenced by public and private economic decisions. There is also the Monetarism School of Economic Thought which focuses on how the money supply has†¦show more content†¦The only thing that really drags down the aggregate demand or GDP would be if the country brought in more imported goods than anything else. A public decision would be the money that government programs put into the econ omy, investing in programs such as education, medical research, Medicare and other things. In the formula, these variables would be Government spending and Investment spending. Private decisions are an individual’s decisions on where to spend money. In the formula, this is represented by investment spending and consumption spending. Keynesian Economics relies on that they believe the government can kickstart the economy by spending money when in a down period. Another school of thought is that changes in aggregate demand, whether anticipated or unanticipated, have their greatest short run effects on real output and employment, not on prices. John Maynard Keynes said that everything in life is in the short run. The theory believes that just because something is happening in the short run, may not necessarily mean it will happen in the long run. He thought the government should get involved when the economy was stagnant to give it a boost and get it moving again in the short run. They also believe that monetary policy effects, output and employment only. That makes sense because as the more money that is pumped in, the more a good needs to be produced and the more goods needing to be produced means the more people youShow MoreRelatedThe Keynesian School Of Economic Thought1151 Words   |  5 Pages1) List three key concepts from the Keynesian School of economic thought: (25 points) At least one concept must describe the management of aggregate demand. a. The primary concept of the Keynesian School of economic thought revolved around the management of aggregate demand. The author of this idea, John Maynard Keynes, believed the economy was fundamentally unable to sustain itself at full employment. 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Neoclassical synthesis was a postwar movement

Bp Spill free essay sample

In fact, this case has been described as a complex accident including a variety of issues ranging from environmental to economic, politics and even ethical issues. The goal of our research is to find any ethical issues since this disaster happened is closely related to ethics which is concerned with moral obligation, social responsibility and justice (Carolyn Wiley, 1997) either individual (‘bad apples’) or organizational (‘bad barrels), which should be evaluated to verify this case. Firstly, the ethical issues can largely be divided into three categories, namely (1) technical design which has had some testing flaws before the actual usage and insufficient guidelines against the negative pressure test, (2) human factors including misjudgment, errors and a failure in duty, (3) organizational system such as taking risk procedures to save time and money and refusing the advice of staff and contractors as well as slowness to react in the accident. Thus, the ethical issues in BP oil spill case relevant to the individuals or the organization will be classified in each factor mentioned above by distributing whether it belongs to the individual level or the organizational level based on our judgments along with ethical theory to support our conclusion. 2. The importance of ethics in business world It is easy to see that the business which has been successful suffers from downfall and a sudden fall in terms of profits and popularity. One of major reasons behind these backgrounds is the lack of business ethics. The nderstanding of what is right or wrong and the ability to discern between them are ethics. In addition, the importance of ethics is no exception to running business as well as daily life. The successful business normally requires intensive ethical values in the course of business and the organizational culture based on the set ethical principles. The well-regulated ethics regarding â€Å"Going concern of business† would help to make long-term success of business unlike moneymakers who do not care of ethical values along with short-term lives of business. Thus, strong ethical values in the business can be regarded as one of intangible assets. Furthermore, the ethical issue is highly important due to the reason that it can affect stakeholders who have interests in an organization. If the organization possesses high value in terms of ethics, the impression on stakeholders would be achieved by building the trust relationship between them and sustaining stakeholders in long-term. Lastly, having professional practice which is characterized by code of ethics is essential to obtain a good reputation in society. (Murphy and Swenson 2003) Hence, the ethics in business is not ignorable providing great benefits to the business and definitely help to grow the business on long-term basis. . Ethical problems in BP: Individual level Individual ethics The individual is the essential component of organization in terms of running business; Hence, the ethics of individual need to be emphasized during the process of business. Individual factors such as personality and background can affect making behavioral choices of individuals either ethi cal or unethical at work and the typical infliction normally comes from individual behavior within an organizational context according to Darley, J. M. (2005). 3. 1. Employees’ perspective In BP oil spill case, engineers’ roles such as inspecting and recognizing whether the relevant systems, critical components and equipments work correctly are very crucial because any failing to recognize can lead to dangerous situations. Thus, moral issues of engineers as the individual level will be evaluated below.. 3. 2. Moral awareness and moral judgment Ethical behaviors of individuals are based on the consequence of moral awareness and moral judgments in the individual level according to Trevino and Nelson (2004, P15). Furthermore, making ethical decision and individual behavior include the four types of process illustrated in Rest (1986); (1) recognizing moral issues, (2) making moral judgments, (3) having the priority on moral concerns (establishing moral intents), and (4) action regarding the moral concerns. Normally, ethical behaviors of individual in organizations are highly dependent on both individual and situational factors and the ethical behavior of managers would obviously affect the ethical behavior of employees. Firstly, the engineers’ negligence is the fact that led to this disaster. The inherent risks in the petroleum industry which is clearly expected by everyone were the result of moral awareness and moral judgment in this case. As the engineers play a vital role to operate and manage the systems along with inherent risks which could cause potential accidents, dealing with the systems carefully and diligently is where the moral issue arises because their working conducts are related to the possibility that might cause some risks. There are internal working procedures and regular check of the systems which they must comply with. The engineers, however, did not follow these tasks which could incur moral issues due to the negligence. Even, they failed to recognize and act after the event happened in timely manner. Overall, there is no doubt that the engineers must recognize the moral issue because it can be generated by their negligent acts and it is inevitable to be criticized in the standard of ethics. Apart from the individual factors, situational factors which contain job context, organizational culture and characteristics of working ambient should be considered in terms of decision-making of individuals. In fact, until just days before the disaster, BP tried to cut costs and save money by taking the risk because the schedule of projects in BP was lagged behind by losing large amounts of money with each passing day. With this circumstance, the engineers were forced to save operating costs and complete the project quickly. Thus, the situational factors also influenced what they work, making dilemmas between the saving costs by unnecessary risk taken and meeting safety criteria. 3. 3Ethical (Moral) standard and principle Individuals in an organization should comply with certain moral standards in the practical work of business according to Donaldson and Thomas (1996) Also, the moral standard which contains the authority under the standard is the guideline for making ethical decisions. In the business world, the CEO or senior managers should be guided by core human values as they play an important role for the function of the organization. It means that whatever they set and follow can be a moral standard to employees. Thus, the importance of the health and safety of individuals along with the profitability of the organization should be attached by the senior managers in BP oil spill case. 3. 4. Leaders’ perspective Empirically, the executives who play vital roles in an organization probably influence forming corporation culture, and the oil spill accident refers to the failure of executive’s behaviors having great impacts on ethics in both before and after the oil spill disaster. 3. 5. Decision-making (Before the oil spill happens) Decision-making which is one of the most crucial parts the executives perform indicates the direction of organizational development by influencing the culture of organization. Based on Ashkanasy et al. (2005), the unethical decision made by executives can lead employees in an organization to behave unethically. In the case of BP oil spill, the hubris of BP clearly illustrates the organizational culture influenced by the CEO, Tony Hayward. He said â€Å"What the hell did we do to deserve this† (BP calls blowout disaster ‘inconceivable, unprecedented and unforeseeable’) after the oil spill. It implies how much pride he has in the organizational systems, which can lead to recklessness and arrogance as well as poor planning. The flaw in decision-making is firstly the lack of oversight by being proud of their self-regulation and internal technology and just focus on outcomes like profit and completion of project on schedule. However, it was evident that the self-regulation has not worked effectively as the result of tragedy. Previously, BP refinery of Texas City explosion in 2005; in year 2006, an oil field spill accident had also undergone which is located in Alaskas Prudhoe Bay , cause about 270,000 gallons of oil leaking, as a result, the largest U. S. well was closed down. The BP staffs had reported to the London headquarters with the foreseeable consequence of Alaska pipeline corrosion problems two years before the disaster happened. But the management of BP did not give enough attentions to these unprofitable reports; both of the accidents are part of the routine accidents which can be prevented. When Hayward charged BP, he had made a commitment to make great efforts to change the company’s complacently culture of generalist management. However, the reforms of Hayward will take time to achieved, and this oil spill accident indicated â€Å"BP did not make many changes†. Another flaw in decision-making is that he does not consider the aftermath of his decision because safety reasons were out of his ethical framework. As mentioned above, any accidents have not been expected along with confidence in self-regulation. Thus, the executive lost the opportunities to review not only the decision that he made but also long-term results. Finally, this decision making has contributed to such an enormous disaster by forming the organizational culture and context into his ethical framework. 3. 6. Leadership (After the oil spill happens) Although it is evident that the flaws in decision-making are one of the contributing causes to the oil spill, the fundamental and more serious flaws come from the absence of ethical leadership of the executives. Particularly, Leaders are responsible for their followers and stakeholders because the decisions made by leaders affect them. It requires ethical awareness, judgment and the ability to enact ethical decisions to fulfill these responsibilities. According to Weiss (2003), there are five essential capacities involving defining and leading the social and ethical aspects, building good relationships including sustaining with stakeholders, representing interests beyond economic facets, demonstrating collaboration in shared decision-making and strategy sessions, and showing awareness and concern for employees in the policies and practical works of the company. Among these factors, the executives of the BP failed to show interests under ethical aspects because economic sides always were emphasized in the operation reaching the decision towards saving costs and making profits. In the same context, he did not consider social responsibilities which also can be relevant to interests of stakeholders. Even after the case incurred, the CEO have ceaseless argued the joint responsibility with Halliburton (the rig owner) and Transocean (the company that constructed the concrete encasement) which are the major suppliers of BP as the reason that the tragedy was from complex events rather than a single mistake. However, a true leader should have responsibilities for the happened facts, and faced situations and attempting to minimize the degree of problems or responsibility is why many stakeholders criticize the BP now. In addition, downplaying the seriousness of the issue caused building more unethical actions of CEO. The actual leaked barrels were 24,000 instead of 7,000 barrels that the BP firstly estimated. Lastly, the lack of professionalism attitude was one of the ethical issues about CEO, Tony Hayward. Professionalism is interconnected between the competency and ethical behavior about social responsibility. However, he actually enjoyed a yacht holiday in the midst of crisis so that it is hard to see that he has behaved ethically against this accident. 4. Ethical problems in BP: Organizational level Organizational ethics The perspective of this concept is to cope with the issues relevant to the organization including organization’s decision, strategies, practices and policies in its own structure or culture. Velasquez p16) and these factors highly influence the ethical behaviors of employees. Even, organizational variables normally overwhelm the individual variables which consist of personality and socialization. (Hegarty and Sims, 1978; Stead et al. , 1987; Trevino, 1986) From this viewpoint, there would have some sorts of ethical issues related to the organizational level such as external environment, internal structure and organizational culture which have generated Oil Sp ill. 4. 1. The external environment Mainly, the external environments which can threaten the business ethics are composed of (1) the decay in political, social and cultural institutions, (2) increasing competitive pressure which encourages only short-term earnings and (3) different ethical standards in terms of multinational business according to Ross survey (1988) In BP case, the government intervention was performed so late due to the political system in the USA and the BP and the government did not allow the access of the press, experts and scientists even though there were significant disparities in damage estimates between experts. These actions have led to a source of serious controversy in the aspect of how can the damage be measured and how exactly are we prepare for cleaning it up along with restricting the access of the site. In this stage, as arguing the reason that allowing the media to access this site can only cause vague comments to the public, the important ethical questions of the rights to know of the public about the detailed rate of damage could be raised. In addition to this, the other ethical issue about that restricting press or independent expert access in order to preserve the organizational image can be justified is also controversial. Therefore, as moral awareness is necessary to be ethical according to Trevino and Nelson (2004), the moral awareness is involved in perceiving the existence of an ethical dilemma. (Wilcox 2010). As a result, moral awareness could be affected by the external environment leading the BP to make unethical judgment after the oil spill occur. 4. 2. The internal structure The internal structure is one of the main problems that caused the oil spill. In reality, zero dollars have been spent on doing research about how to deal with oil spills for off-shore drilling by BP (â€Å"The Rachel Maddow Show† on MSNBC, aired at 7 p. m. EST on June 28, Monday) despite large amounts of Net profits. This fact indicates that the oil spill event cannot be handled urgently in spite of the potentially inherent risks which this industry always have. Thus, the internal structure of the organization must be set wrongly leading to ethical problems of its internal structure. Apart from this, there were some failures of processes, systems and equipments such as the rig, the blowout preventer or automatic closure system. However, the mechanical failures do not explain the underlying causes for this case because the human decision-making is always involved as the key driver. For one thing, the reason why the BP did not anticipate the devastation if the oil drilling plan does not work as expected even though BP recognized some problems with rig is that they determined to take risks and cut costs. BP actually made a series of reducing costs plans and blunders that substantially boosted the risks of oil spill due to tightly planned schedule and BP also refused the safety advice of a contractor, Halliburton regarding recommendation of using centralizers as the process of saving time and money. Thus, these carelessness and complacency of BP about its internal structures led to the tragedy. Consequently, these factors related to the internal structure of BP have formed the atmosphere and symptoms of this oil spill so that the ethical criticism seems to be unavoidable. 4. 3. The organizational culture The organizational culture also could result in the oil spill accident as it plays an important role in the organization in terms of creating an environment of ethical practices by organizational members. (Arnold Lampe, 1999) as overall analysis, the members of the organization have tended to ignore the safety procedures due to that BP has been proud of its internal systems and self-regulation without careful oversight. Another reason is that the atmosphere and culture of BP were only focused on operating efficiency and saving costs to make more profits. These lack of systematic safety resulted in the unethical situation. 4. 4. BP and Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility (hereafter CSR) is a form of corporate self-regulation which is combined with a business model and its aim is to accept the responsibility for the company’s actions by encouraging a positive impact via its performance on all living creatures including environments, stakeholders and the public. The major business of BP is finding and refining oil, and selling the gas. Thus, BP usually interacts with various individuals and organizations in the ordinary course of business by being given ethical obligations such as providing products for customer’s expectation, sustaining the honest relationship with suppliers, guaranteeing acceptable levels of workplace health and safety, putting an honest effort to build long-term share value and observing environmental laws and industry best practices to BP. Most of the ethical obligations above were met by BP except for workplace health and safety causing the deaths of 11 workers. However, the concern in the question of CSR is where the social responsibility is involved in. This is because the oil spill has resulted in tremendous negative externalities. What it means is how make the negative influences on people who have no interests economically with BP, and who did not agree to bear operating risks in the company. All businesses involve externalities when they produce products like pollution. Thus, the issue from CSR perspective is whether the taken risks were necessary and reasonable. Most people would say â€Å"No† in this BP case and it is necessary to understand the term of CSR again along with the illustration of BP case. 5. Conclusion Based on our ethical analysis, the BP oil spill was resulted in both â€Å"bad apples† (individual character flaws) and â€Å"bad barrels† (organizational and systemic problems). As BP faces billion dollar lawsuits now, it is time to pay for its unethical behaviors in the business. Thus, to prevent failure in the future, the culture that would encourage employees to inquiry about conventional wisdom, investigate the potential dangers more closely and embrace the responsibility in the moment when situations go wrong should be established. In addition, for the improvement, the technical process should be less tight in designing stage and intervention of external organization is highly required like the recently instituted Ethics policy by Offshore Regulator. Once again, what we should keep in mind through the lesson of BP case is that the ethical problems in current society can affect the business in the large scale either positively or negatively.

My Gift To You The World Essays - My Gift To You,

My Gift To You The World My gift to you is somewhat strange, it's hidden and silent, alone and unheard, but it still lives beneath the darkened sun, it's love and hope and joy and sight, it's knowing what's right and wrong, it cried for life, and I heard it cry, I've tried to lift its spirits high, to let other people wonder of its glow, its burn for eternal happiness, our burn for eternal peace. To give these it's hard, to respect them it's harder, I've watched others, and seen them turn inside out, lying through the pain of their gritted teeth, do they know of love? can they feel the hope? have they ever cried silent tears? I myself have cried those silent tears, alone and scared and silent, my pain was great, my anger uncontrollable, can you feel my hardship, my hunger of exit to this world? to have materials and possessions, I could never have used, but to have what I give, perhaps I could have coped, and that time would now be forgotten, so now I give, what I want in return, I give the golden rule. I've tried to lead others to peace as is I, but for this you need their total trust, and they would not risk it all, so the act of good came to a stop, and my hope was just left hanging, now I still give, and I do with all my heart, I bring a gift to everyone, to make sure I please the sun, but after the deed I always feel loved, and I realize once again, "To give is to be born, nd to receive is to remember.

Fahrenheit 451 Essays - Fahrenheit 451, Social Science Fiction

Fahrenheit 451 Essays - Fahrenheit 451, Social Science Fiction Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury?s science-fiction novel Fahrenheit 451 has literary elements that strengthen its interpretation. The theme of this novel is the significance of a person?s independent thought. The literary movement of this piece of literature is Romanticism. Through the use of Guy Montag, an emotionally distressed individual who realizes the importance of independent thinking, Fahrenheit 451?s theme and literary movement are better understood. The theme of Fahrenheit 451 is the importance of an individual?s independent thought and the individual?s creative ability. Guy Montag never thought about what he did because he was told what he did was appropriate for society, and also he is happy with his role in society. He felt like that until he met Clarisse McClellan, a 17 year-old girl that society calls a mental case because she questions society. She ?teaches? Montag about the past when society did not fear the firemen. When he talked to the his colleagues they laugh at him because they believe what their handbook says. ?The only action these characters take is to maintain their status quo-the way things are. In contrast, Clarisse, Montag and Faber are individuals who wonder about their world and, in the case of Montag and Faber, are able to make attempts to change things? (Telgen 145).He had been taking the books at some of the midnight runs he had, but never really wanted to find out what is written in them until after he found out that Clarisse died. A person that helped Montag expand his creativity was Professor Faber. He was a man that Montag remembered he had met when he needed someone else?s guidance to do the right thing for himself. Professor Faber tells Montag about how society has depended on technology for many things and that Shah 2 technology threatened the development of the mind. ?In Bradbury?s novel, education?s emphasis on technology leads to a culture where people understand how things are done but never bother to wonder why things are done? (Levy 1314). This type of education does not encourage the persons with unique abilities to look into depth and find a reason for why things are done. ?School is shortened, discipline relaxed, philosophies, histories, languages dropped, English and spelling gradually gradually neglected, finally almost completely ignored. Life is immediate, the job counts, pleasure lies about after work. Why learn anything, save pressing buttons, pulling switches, fitting nuts and bolts (Bradbury 55-6). This is the quote that Captain Beatty, Montag?s boss, said to Montag when Montag was not sure about being a fireman. Novels have many aspects that influence the author in determining the type of plot they should include. The literary movement of Fahrenheit 451 is Romanticism. It has six different characteristics: 1) emphasizes individualism, spontaneity, and freedom from rules; 2) shows a solitary life, not a life in society; 3) shows a belief that imagination is superior to reason; 4) reflects a devotion to beauty; 5) shows a love and worship of nature and fascination with the past, especially with myths and the supernatural; 6) shows a passionate love of country (Donnell 2). Montag emphasizes disposition, whimsical tendency, and salvation from regulations by changing his belief about community after being a fireman for 12 years. ?Bradbury has been called a romantic, and his romanticism often surfaces in the themes he investigates: the conflict between human vitality and spiritless mechanism, between the creative individual and the conforming group,...? (Paradowski 356). Clarisse McClellan and her family showed a life not within the standards of society and also they are people that remain alone and not associate with society. We had some false alarms on the McClellans, when they lived in Chicago. Never found a book. Uncle had mixed records; antisocial. The girl? She was a time Shah 3 bomb. The family had been feeding her subconscious, I?m sure, from what I saw of her school record. She didn?t want to know how a thing was done, but why. (Bradbury 60) What Captain Beatty said about the McClellans proves they were considered outcasts. Professor Faber shows the confidence that imagination is greater to understanding. This was proven by the quote, ?The magic is only in what books say, how they stitched the patches of the universe together into one garment for us? (83). This means that the only things that is needed is the information provided in books that help explain the items that are not explained by the reason. The plot and theme are captured more thoroughly through the use of distinct characters and their points