The Keynesian School Of Economic Thought - 1948 Words

Our economy has evolved from centuries ago to what it is today from the start of supply and demand and learning how to make trades. The foundations of this learning process has also came from theories on how to manage and control the economy. This has been built from several thinkers and theorist implanting their ideas into action and having results in the prosperity or failure of an economy. As these theories have evolved as well and some with great prosperity they have been recognized and titled as the Keynesian School of Economic Thought as this is a theory believing aggregate demand is influenced by public and private economic decisions. There is also the Monetarism School of Economic Thought which focuses on how the money supply has†¦show more content†¦The only thing that really drags down the aggregate demand or GDP would be if the country brought in more imported goods than anything else. A public decision would be the money that government programs put into the econ omy, investing in programs such as education, medical research, Medicare and other things. In the formula, these variables would be Government spending and Investment spending. Private decisions are an individual’s decisions on where to spend money. In the formula, this is represented by investment spending and consumption spending. Keynesian Economics relies on that they believe the government can kickstart the economy by spending money when in a down period. Another school of thought is that changes in aggregate demand, whether anticipated or unanticipated, have their greatest short run effects on real output and employment, not on prices. John Maynard Keynes said that everything in life is in the short run. The theory believes that just because something is happening in the short run, may not necessarily mean it will happen in the long run. He thought the government should get involved when the economy was stagnant to give it a boost and get it moving again in the short run. They also believe that monetary policy effects, output and employment only. That makes sense because as the more money that is pumped in, the more a good needs to be produced and the more goods needing to be produced means the more people youShow MoreRelatedThe Keynesian School Of Economic Thought1151 Words   |  5 Pages1) List three key concepts from the Keynesian School of economic thought: (25 points) At least one concept must describe the management of aggregate demand. a. The primary concept of the Keynesian School of economic thought revolved around the management of aggregate demand. The author of this idea, John Maynard Keynes, believed the economy was fundamentally unable to sustain itself at full employment. 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Bp Spill free essay sample

In fact, this case has been described as a complex accident including a variety of issues ranging from environmental to economic, politics and even ethical issues. The goal of our research is to find any ethical issues since this disaster happened is closely related to ethics which is concerned with moral obligation, social responsibility and justice (Carolyn Wiley, 1997) either individual (‘bad apples’) or organizational (‘bad barrels), which should be evaluated to verify this case. Firstly, the ethical issues can largely be divided into three categories, namely (1) technical design which has had some testing flaws before the actual usage and insufficient guidelines against the negative pressure test, (2) human factors including misjudgment, errors and a failure in duty, (3) organizational system such as taking risk procedures to save time and money and refusing the advice of staff and contractors as well as slowness to react in the accident. Thus, the ethical issues in BP oil spill case relevant to the individuals or the organization will be classified in each factor mentioned above by distributing whether it belongs to the individual level or the organizational level based on our judgments along with ethical theory to support our conclusion. 2. The importance of ethics in business world It is easy to see that the business which has been successful suffers from downfall and a sudden fall in terms of profits and popularity. One of major reasons behind these backgrounds is the lack of business ethics. The nderstanding of what is right or wrong and the ability to discern between them are ethics. In addition, the importance of ethics is no exception to running business as well as daily life. The successful business normally requires intensive ethical values in the course of business and the organizational culture based on the set ethical principles. The well-regulated ethics regarding â€Å"Going concern of business† would help to make long-term success of business unlike moneymakers who do not care of ethical values along with short-term lives of business. Thus, strong ethical values in the business can be regarded as one of intangible assets. Furthermore, the ethical issue is highly important due to the reason that it can affect stakeholders who have interests in an organization. If the organization possesses high value in terms of ethics, the impression on stakeholders would be achieved by building the trust relationship between them and sustaining stakeholders in long-term. Lastly, having professional practice which is characterized by code of ethics is essential to obtain a good reputation in society. (Murphy and Swenson 2003) Hence, the ethics in business is not ignorable providing great benefits to the business and definitely help to grow the business on long-term basis. . Ethical problems in BP: Individual level Individual ethics The individual is the essential component of organization in terms of running business; Hence, the ethics of individual need to be emphasized during the process of business. Individual factors such as personality and background can affect making behavioral choices of individuals either ethi cal or unethical at work and the typical infliction normally comes from individual behavior within an organizational context according to Darley, J. M. (2005). 3. 1. Employees’ perspective In BP oil spill case, engineers’ roles such as inspecting and recognizing whether the relevant systems, critical components and equipments work correctly are very crucial because any failing to recognize can lead to dangerous situations. Thus, moral issues of engineers as the individual level will be evaluated below.. 3. 2. Moral awareness and moral judgment Ethical behaviors of individuals are based on the consequence of moral awareness and moral judgments in the individual level according to Trevino and Nelson (2004, P15). Furthermore, making ethical decision and individual behavior include the four types of process illustrated in Rest (1986); (1) recognizing moral issues, (2) making moral judgments, (3) having the priority on moral concerns (establishing moral intents), and (4) action regarding the moral concerns. Normally, ethical behaviors of individual in organizations are highly dependent on both individual and situational factors and the ethical behavior of managers would obviously affect the ethical behavior of employees. Firstly, the engineers’ negligence is the fact that led to this disaster. The inherent risks in the petroleum industry which is clearly expected by everyone were the result of moral awareness and moral judgment in this case. As the engineers play a vital role to operate and manage the systems along with inherent risks which could cause potential accidents, dealing with the systems carefully and diligently is where the moral issue arises because their working conducts are related to the possibility that might cause some risks. There are internal working procedures and regular check of the systems which they must comply with. The engineers, however, did not follow these tasks which could incur moral issues due to the negligence. Even, they failed to recognize and act after the event happened in timely manner. Overall, there is no doubt that the engineers must recognize the moral issue because it can be generated by their negligent acts and it is inevitable to be criticized in the standard of ethics. Apart from the individual factors, situational factors which contain job context, organizational culture and characteristics of working ambient should be considered in terms of decision-making of individuals. In fact, until just days before the disaster, BP tried to cut costs and save money by taking the risk because the schedule of projects in BP was lagged behind by losing large amounts of money with each passing day. With this circumstance, the engineers were forced to save operating costs and complete the project quickly. Thus, the situational factors also influenced what they work, making dilemmas between the saving costs by unnecessary risk taken and meeting safety criteria. 3. 3Ethical (Moral) standard and principle Individuals in an organization should comply with certain moral standards in the practical work of business according to Donaldson and Thomas (1996) Also, the moral standard which contains the authority under the standard is the guideline for making ethical decisions. In the business world, the CEO or senior managers should be guided by core human values as they play an important role for the function of the organization. It means that whatever they set and follow can be a moral standard to employees. Thus, the importance of the health and safety of individuals along with the profitability of the organization should be attached by the senior managers in BP oil spill case. 3. 4. Leaders’ perspective Empirically, the executives who play vital roles in an organization probably influence forming corporation culture, and the oil spill accident refers to the failure of executive’s behaviors having great impacts on ethics in both before and after the oil spill disaster. 3. 5. Decision-making (Before the oil spill happens) Decision-making which is one of the most crucial parts the executives perform indicates the direction of organizational development by influencing the culture of organization. Based on Ashkanasy et al. (2005), the unethical decision made by executives can lead employees in an organization to behave unethically. In the case of BP oil spill, the hubris of BP clearly illustrates the organizational culture influenced by the CEO, Tony Hayward. He said â€Å"What the hell did we do to deserve this† (BP calls blowout disaster ‘inconceivable, unprecedented and unforeseeable’) after the oil spill. It implies how much pride he has in the organizational systems, which can lead to recklessness and arrogance as well as poor planning. The flaw in decision-making is firstly the lack of oversight by being proud of their self-regulation and internal technology and just focus on outcomes like profit and completion of project on schedule. However, it was evident that the self-regulation has not worked effectively as the result of tragedy. Previously, BP refinery of Texas City explosion in 2005; in year 2006, an oil field spill accident had also undergone which is located in Alaskas Prudhoe Bay , cause about 270,000 gallons of oil leaking, as a result, the largest U. S. well was closed down. The BP staffs had reported to the London headquarters with the foreseeable consequence of Alaska pipeline corrosion problems two years before the disaster happened. But the management of BP did not give enough attentions to these unprofitable reports; both of the accidents are part of the routine accidents which can be prevented. When Hayward charged BP, he had made a commitment to make great efforts to change the company’s complacently culture of generalist management. However, the reforms of Hayward will take time to achieved, and this oil spill accident indicated â€Å"BP did not make many changes†. Another flaw in decision-making is that he does not consider the aftermath of his decision because safety reasons were out of his ethical framework. As mentioned above, any accidents have not been expected along with confidence in self-regulation. Thus, the executive lost the opportunities to review not only the decision that he made but also long-term results. Finally, this decision making has contributed to such an enormous disaster by forming the organizational culture and context into his ethical framework. 3. 6. Leadership (After the oil spill happens) Although it is evident that the flaws in decision-making are one of the contributing causes to the oil spill, the fundamental and more serious flaws come from the absence of ethical leadership of the executives. Particularly, Leaders are responsible for their followers and stakeholders because the decisions made by leaders affect them. It requires ethical awareness, judgment and the ability to enact ethical decisions to fulfill these responsibilities. According to Weiss (2003), there are five essential capacities involving defining and leading the social and ethical aspects, building good relationships including sustaining with stakeholders, representing interests beyond economic facets, demonstrating collaboration in shared decision-making and strategy sessions, and showing awareness and concern for employees in the policies and practical works of the company. Among these factors, the executives of the BP failed to show interests under ethical aspects because economic sides always were emphasized in the operation reaching the decision towards saving costs and making profits. In the same context, he did not consider social responsibilities which also can be relevant to interests of stakeholders. Even after the case incurred, the CEO have ceaseless argued the joint responsibility with Halliburton (the rig owner) and Transocean (the company that constructed the concrete encasement) which are the major suppliers of BP as the reason that the tragedy was from complex events rather than a single mistake. However, a true leader should have responsibilities for the happened facts, and faced situations and attempting to minimize the degree of problems or responsibility is why many stakeholders criticize the BP now. In addition, downplaying the seriousness of the issue caused building more unethical actions of CEO. The actual leaked barrels were 24,000 instead of 7,000 barrels that the BP firstly estimated. Lastly, the lack of professionalism attitude was one of the ethical issues about CEO, Tony Hayward. Professionalism is interconnected between the competency and ethical behavior about social responsibility. However, he actually enjoyed a yacht holiday in the midst of crisis so that it is hard to see that he has behaved ethically against this accident. 4. Ethical problems in BP: Organizational level Organizational ethics The perspective of this concept is to cope with the issues relevant to the organization including organization’s decision, strategies, practices and policies in its own structure or culture. Velasquez p16) and these factors highly influence the ethical behaviors of employees. Even, organizational variables normally overwhelm the individual variables which consist of personality and socialization. (Hegarty and Sims, 1978; Stead et al. , 1987; Trevino, 1986) From this viewpoint, there would have some sorts of ethical issues related to the organizational level such as external environment, internal structure and organizational culture which have generated Oil Sp ill. 4. 1. The external environment Mainly, the external environments which can threaten the business ethics are composed of (1) the decay in political, social and cultural institutions, (2) increasing competitive pressure which encourages only short-term earnings and (3) different ethical standards in terms of multinational business according to Ross survey (1988) In BP case, the government intervention was performed so late due to the political system in the USA and the BP and the government did not allow the access of the press, experts and scientists even though there were significant disparities in damage estimates between experts. These actions have led to a source of serious controversy in the aspect of how can the damage be measured and how exactly are we prepare for cleaning it up along with restricting the access of the site. In this stage, as arguing the reason that allowing the media to access this site can only cause vague comments to the public, the important ethical questions of the rights to know of the public about the detailed rate of damage could be raised. In addition to this, the other ethical issue about that restricting press or independent expert access in order to preserve the organizational image can be justified is also controversial. Therefore, as moral awareness is necessary to be ethical according to Trevino and Nelson (2004), the moral awareness is involved in perceiving the existence of an ethical dilemma. (Wilcox 2010). As a result, moral awareness could be affected by the external environment leading the BP to make unethical judgment after the oil spill occur. 4. 2. The internal structure The internal structure is one of the main problems that caused the oil spill. In reality, zero dollars have been spent on doing research about how to deal with oil spills for off-shore drilling by BP (â€Å"The Rachel Maddow Show† on MSNBC, aired at 7 p. m. EST on June 28, Monday) despite large amounts of Net profits. This fact indicates that the oil spill event cannot be handled urgently in spite of the potentially inherent risks which this industry always have. Thus, the internal structure of the organization must be set wrongly leading to ethical problems of its internal structure. Apart from this, there were some failures of processes, systems and equipments such as the rig, the blowout preventer or automatic closure system. However, the mechanical failures do not explain the underlying causes for this case because the human decision-making is always involved as the key driver. For one thing, the reason why the BP did not anticipate the devastation if the oil drilling plan does not work as expected even though BP recognized some problems with rig is that they determined to take risks and cut costs. BP actually made a series of reducing costs plans and blunders that substantially boosted the risks of oil spill due to tightly planned schedule and BP also refused the safety advice of a contractor, Halliburton regarding recommendation of using centralizers as the process of saving time and money. Thus, these carelessness and complacency of BP about its internal structures led to the tragedy. Consequently, these factors related to the internal structure of BP have formed the atmosphere and symptoms of this oil spill so that the ethical criticism seems to be unavoidable. 4. 3. The organizational culture The organizational culture also could result in the oil spill accident as it plays an important role in the organization in terms of creating an environment of ethical practices by organizational members. (Arnold Lampe, 1999) as overall analysis, the members of the organization have tended to ignore the safety procedures due to that BP has been proud of its internal systems and self-regulation without careful oversight. Another reason is that the atmosphere and culture of BP were only focused on operating efficiency and saving costs to make more profits. These lack of systematic safety resulted in the unethical situation. 4. 4. BP and Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility (hereafter CSR) is a form of corporate self-regulation which is combined with a business model and its aim is to accept the responsibility for the company’s actions by encouraging a positive impact via its performance on all living creatures including environments, stakeholders and the public. The major business of BP is finding and refining oil, and selling the gas. Thus, BP usually interacts with various individuals and organizations in the ordinary course of business by being given ethical obligations such as providing products for customer’s expectation, sustaining the honest relationship with suppliers, guaranteeing acceptable levels of workplace health and safety, putting an honest effort to build long-term share value and observing environmental laws and industry best practices to BP. Most of the ethical obligations above were met by BP except for workplace health and safety causing the deaths of 11 workers. However, the concern in the question of CSR is where the social responsibility is involved in. This is because the oil spill has resulted in tremendous negative externalities. What it means is how make the negative influences on people who have no interests economically with BP, and who did not agree to bear operating risks in the company. All businesses involve externalities when they produce products like pollution. Thus, the issue from CSR perspective is whether the taken risks were necessary and reasonable. Most people would say â€Å"No† in this BP case and it is necessary to understand the term of CSR again along with the illustration of BP case. 5. Conclusion Based on our ethical analysis, the BP oil spill was resulted in both â€Å"bad apples† (individual character flaws) and â€Å"bad barrels† (organizational and systemic problems). As BP faces billion dollar lawsuits now, it is time to pay for its unethical behaviors in the business. Thus, to prevent failure in the future, the culture that would encourage employees to inquiry about conventional wisdom, investigate the potential dangers more closely and embrace the responsibility in the moment when situations go wrong should be established. In addition, for the improvement, the technical process should be less tight in designing stage and intervention of external organization is highly required like the recently instituted Ethics policy by Offshore Regulator. Once again, what we should keep in mind through the lesson of BP case is that the ethical problems in current society can affect the business in the large scale either positively or negatively.

My Gift To You The World Essays - My Gift To You,

My Gift To You The World My gift to you is somewhat strange, it's hidden and silent, alone and unheard, but it still lives beneath the darkened sun, it's love and hope and joy and sight, it's knowing what's right and wrong, it cried for life, and I heard it cry, I've tried to lift its spirits high, to let other people wonder of its glow, its burn for eternal happiness, our burn for eternal peace. To give these it's hard, to respect them it's harder, I've watched others, and seen them turn inside out, lying through the pain of their gritted teeth, do they know of love? can they feel the hope? have they ever cried silent tears? I myself have cried those silent tears, alone and scared and silent, my pain was great, my anger uncontrollable, can you feel my hardship, my hunger of exit to this world? to have materials and possessions, I could never have used, but to have what I give, perhaps I could have coped, and that time would now be forgotten, so now I give, what I want in return, I give the golden rule. I've tried to lead others to peace as is I, but for this you need their total trust, and they would not risk it all, so the act of good came to a stop, and my hope was just left hanging, now I still give, and I do with all my heart, I bring a gift to everyone, to make sure I please the sun, but after the deed I always feel loved, and I realize once again, "To give is to be born, nd to receive is to remember.

Fahrenheit 451 Essays - Fahrenheit 451, Social Science Fiction

Fahrenheit 451 Essays - Fahrenheit 451, Social Science Fiction Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury?s science-fiction novel Fahrenheit 451 has literary elements that strengthen its interpretation. The theme of this novel is the significance of a person?s independent thought. The literary movement of this piece of literature is Romanticism. Through the use of Guy Montag, an emotionally distressed individual who realizes the importance of independent thinking, Fahrenheit 451?s theme and literary movement are better understood. The theme of Fahrenheit 451 is the importance of an individual?s independent thought and the individual?s creative ability. Guy Montag never thought about what he did because he was told what he did was appropriate for society, and also he is happy with his role in society. He felt like that until he met Clarisse McClellan, a 17 year-old girl that society calls a mental case because she questions society. She ?teaches? Montag about the past when society did not fear the firemen. When he talked to the his colleagues they laugh at him because they believe what their handbook says. ?The only action these characters take is to maintain their status quo-the way things are. In contrast, Clarisse, Montag and Faber are individuals who wonder about their world and, in the case of Montag and Faber, are able to make attempts to change things? (Telgen 145).He had been taking the books at some of the midnight runs he had, but never really wanted to find out what is written in them until after he found out that Clarisse died. A person that helped Montag expand his creativity was Professor Faber. He was a man that Montag remembered he had met when he needed someone else?s guidance to do the right thing for himself. Professor Faber tells Montag about how society has depended on technology for many things and that Shah 2 technology threatened the development of the mind. ?In Bradbury?s novel, education?s emphasis on technology leads to a culture where people understand how things are done but never bother to wonder why things are done? (Levy 1314). This type of education does not encourage the persons with unique abilities to look into depth and find a reason for why things are done. ?School is shortened, discipline relaxed, philosophies, histories, languages dropped, English and spelling gradually gradually neglected, finally almost completely ignored. Life is immediate, the job counts, pleasure lies about after work. Why learn anything, save pressing buttons, pulling switches, fitting nuts and bolts (Bradbury 55-6). This is the quote that Captain Beatty, Montag?s boss, said to Montag when Montag was not sure about being a fireman. Novels have many aspects that influence the author in determining the type of plot they should include. The literary movement of Fahrenheit 451 is Romanticism. It has six different characteristics: 1) emphasizes individualism, spontaneity, and freedom from rules; 2) shows a solitary life, not a life in society; 3) shows a belief that imagination is superior to reason; 4) reflects a devotion to beauty; 5) shows a love and worship of nature and fascination with the past, especially with myths and the supernatural; 6) shows a passionate love of country (Donnell 2). Montag emphasizes disposition, whimsical tendency, and salvation from regulations by changing his belief about community after being a fireman for 12 years. ?Bradbury has been called a romantic, and his romanticism often surfaces in the themes he investigates: the conflict between human vitality and spiritless mechanism, between the creative individual and the conforming group,...? (Paradowski 356). Clarisse McClellan and her family showed a life not within the standards of society and also they are people that remain alone and not associate with society. We had some false alarms on the McClellans, when they lived in Chicago. Never found a book. Uncle had mixed records; antisocial. The girl? She was a time Shah 3 bomb. The family had been feeding her subconscious, I?m sure, from what I saw of her school record. She didn?t want to know how a thing was done, but why. (Bradbury 60) What Captain Beatty said about the McClellans proves they were considered outcasts. Professor Faber shows the confidence that imagination is greater to understanding. This was proven by the quote, ?The magic is only in what books say, how they stitched the patches of the universe together into one garment for us? (83). This means that the only things that is needed is the information provided in books that help explain the items that are not explained by the reason. The plot and theme are captured more thoroughly through the use of distinct characters and their points

The Misuse of Prescription Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Misuse of Prescription Drugs - Essay Example s such as painkillers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives without the appropriate prescription from a medical practitioner simply for the experience that results from using the drug. Employees may use prescription drugs to get high, stay awake or avoid sleep while others may use such un-prescribed drugs for actual medical needs. The most significant reason behind the habit is the fact that it does not receive the attention it deserves due to efforts placed primarily on traditional drug abuse such as cocaine. Most individuals are also oblivious of the addictive effect that may accompany misuse of such drugs, while the reality is that even simple and seemingly harmless sharing of medication may be accompanied by profound addiction and negative consequences. Some of the symptoms of misuse of prescription drugs include sudden mood changes, heightened irritability and aggressiveness. Others include confusion, concentration fluctuations, reduced productivity, frequent short term sick leaves, deterioration in people skills, dishonesty and theft as the individual seeks to maintain the expensive habit (HSE 5). Misuse of prescription drugs should particularly gain the attention of management in today’s firms due to a number of reasons. First, the issue is now relevant than ever as literature and research indicate that it is on the rise. It mainly affects the young employees i.e. generation X and Y (Maxwell 1), whose workplace culture is already an issue of concern to the manager (Tolbize 2-4). The impacts of misuse of prescription drugs in the workplace can be studied based on the employees abusing the drugs themselves, fellow workers, the management and the workplace as a unit. The effects of abusing prescription drugs by employees concern both their medical and social well-being. They may experience health problems, addiction and psychological issues which affect their personal, family, social and professional lives and ultimately trickle down to the firm’s

Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Slavery - Essay Example The story of Equiano demonstrates the inhumane situation of the slaves and the acceptance by slaves the white racial theories. In the middle of the XVII England has been shaken by the political crisis because of Oliver Cromwell revolution. The Putney Debates of 1647 revealed the English Revolution as an abolishment movement, a 1659 Parliamentary debate on slavery and the â€Å"free-born Englishman†, held on the eve of the restoration of Charles II and the Stuart monarchy, marked a counterrevolutionary reversal (Linebaugh, 132). The Putney Debates between Thomas Rainborough and Henry Ireton raised the questions of the struggle for the commons and struggle against slavery. Domestic wars and conflicts led to appearance of the new slavery forms in England: white slaves in Barbados, slavery in West Africa, Jamaica. Irish radicals and foes were sent by Oliver Cromwell to the Barbados, in the 1649 British merchants ordered the construction of a trading fort on the Gold Coast. The ski n color wasn’t decisive for the slavery - it was a matter of the profit for the merchants and elites. And Equiano in his autobiography gave us great example when even in the mid of the XVIII century there was an incident during the way through the ocean, when â€Å"one white man in particular I saw, when we were permitted to be on deck, flogged so unmercifully with a large rope near the foremast, that he died in consequence of it: and they tossed him over the side as they would have done a brute† (Equiano, 423). The interracial co-operations were not solitary: for example, Africans and Irish conspired together in plots of 1675, 1686, 1692 and alliance between slaves and servants was what planters feared most of all (Linebaugh, 126). The slavery began to acquire the racial shade in the 1670s. The resistance of plantation workers exploded in 1675-1676 in Virginia. There were two uprisings. The first one began in 1675 and was a war for land by freedmen and small farmers a gainst Indians and a portion of the colonial ruling class in Virginia. The second one was a war against slavery, waged by servants and slaves. After rebellion the planters charged the governor with restraining â€Å"any inhumane severity which by ill masters or overseers may be used toward Christian servants† (Linebaugh, 137). And the result of this rebellion was legislation in 1682 that provided â€Å"all servants not being Christians, being imported into this country by shipping† should be servants for twelve years, instead European servants – for five years. Of course, this legislation was directed toward the Africans. The defeats of the servants and slaves that was detailed represented in the â€Å"The Many-Headed Hydra†, became the reason why the elites, nobles, â€Å"whites† began to establishing new rules that had aim to discriminate the rebels and to justify himself. From the 1670s legislation was enacted to protect and Christians, â€Å"w hite† people (Linebaugh, 139). Rulers from the England, merchants and planters dispossessed tens of thousands more in Ireland, Barbados, West Africa and Virginia and made the slavery of Atlantic capitalism (Linebaugh, 141). Indeed, the masses of cheep labour in the America and Europe created the possibility to very fast enrichments. Slaves were very good investments. The people from the lowest classes had no wealth, they had no property. The capitalists wanted to control them,

Community Board Meeting Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community Board Meeting - Research Proposal Example No one knows everything about all aspects of school operations. The best school corporations show, teamwork in decision-making, which also is sensitive to many elements-the community, the professional staff and various branches of government-which share responsibility for public education. The school board discussed growing worries about the economy and its effect on the public schools 2009-2010 budget. The board discussed the reality of potential budget reduction and the possibility that many teachers and school staffs could be laid off during the next academic year. Teachers and staffers are definitely affected in this board meeting. They feared safety and quality would be compromised if the district proceeds with preliminary plans to lay off dozens of employees, including special programs and campus monitors. Frustration among attendees was present in a large proportion through the possibility of job losses and the impact of staff reduction on the quality of study and other programs for students. The budget cuts would force reduction or termination of important students programs, like the discontinuation of college prep courses. Teacher layoffs would increase classroom size, increasing the average class size to the high 30's and low 40's, which would have a negative impact on the students. 3. How would the decisions taken impact health on population/aggregate from the overall broad perspective of health' What level of prevention was involved in the decision (if appropriate)' (8) The school budget cuts will affect the most vulnerable students, including immigrants and children needing mental health services. Reducing school staffs also mean cutting back on social workers, counselors, special education teachers, and nurses. These professionals will have less time in each school, meaning fewer opportunities for intervention and increased caseloads. This definitely will affect primary prevention, which means cutting back on health education programs, such as drug prevention program to teach children about the influence and effects of drugs and alcohol, and personal coping, and resisting skills. Also affecting secondary and tertiary prevention, which means fewer nurses, counselors, and social workers will be doing health and mental screenings and not be able to provide the best care to the vulnerable population. 4. Was the meeting productive' Consider the following